String functions

LOWER:- It converts all capital letters to small letters
Syn:-         LOWER(char exp)
Ex:-           select lower(‘PRASAD’) from dual;
                  Select lower(na) from vision;
INITCAP:-   It conver the first character of the sentence to capital letter.
Syn:-         INITCAP(char exp)
Ex:-           select initcap(‘welcome to vision’) from dual;
                  Select initcap(na) from vision;

UPPER:-  It converts all small letters to capital letters.
Syn:-         UPPER(char exp)
Ex:-           select upper(‘vision’) from dual;
                  Select upper(na) from vision;
TRANSLATE:- It is used to replace the given character in the string
Syn:-         TRANSLATE(‘string’,char1,char2);
Ex:-           select translate(‘vision computers’,’i’,’s’) from dual;
SUBSTR:-            It returns the string from N1 to N2 Characters.
Syn:-                     SUBSTR(char exp,n1,n2);
Ex:-                       select substr(‘prasad’,2,3) from dual;
REPLACE:-        It is used to replace the string in the give sentence.
Syn:-         REPLACE(‘string’,’search char1’,’replace string’)
Ex:-           select replace(‘vision computers’,’i’,’kk’) from dual;
CHR:-       It returns the ascii char  for the given code.
Syn:-         CHR(code)
Ex:-           select chr(65) from dual;
LENGTH:-          It is used to find the length of the given string.
Syn:-                     LENGTH(string);
Ex:-                       select length(‘prasad’) from dual;

LTRIM:-  It is used to removes characters from leftside for given expression.
Syn:-         LTRIM(string,char);
Ex:-           select ltrim(‘vision’,’v’) from dual;
RTRIM:-  It is used to removes characters from rightside for given expression.
Syn:-         RTRIM(string,char);
Ex:-           select rtrim(‘vision’,’n’) from dual;
LPAD:-    It returns char1 left padded to length n with the sequence of characters
Syn:-         LPAD(‘char1’,n,’char2’)
Ex:-           select lpad(‘prasad’,10,’*’) from dual;
RPAD:-    It returns char1 right padded to length n with the sequence of                                 characters
Syn:-         RPAD(‘char1’,n,’char2’)
Ex:-           select rpad(‘prasad’,10,’*’) from dual;

Soundex   :-  Returns a phonetic representation of characters. This compares two words that are spelled differently but sound alike in English.
Syntax:-    Soundex(char)=soundex(char);
Ex:-           select ename from emp where soundex(ename)=soundex(‘SMYTH’);

NVL:        If expression1 is null returns Expression 2 .
Syn:-         NVL(exp1,exp2);
Ex:-           select ename,nvl(to_char(comm),’NotApplicable’) from emp;

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